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Uni Loc

June 14th, 2010 admin No comments

Uni Loc

Word formation and word processing training

Today, the formation of "word" has no clear definition and universally accepted for use. Sometimes it refers to all processes related to changes in word form, eg, placement, which is a matter of morphology . In its training program in the broad sense of the word refers to the process creation of new lexical items. Although it seems that the difference between morphological variation a word and creating a new term is fairly easy see, sometimes there is a dispute as to whether the mixture is still a morphological change or make a new word. There are, of course, many training process words that do not provoke conflicts and are very similar in most languages. One of the distinctive properties of human language is creative, which we refer to the ability of native speakers of a language to produce and understand new ways in your language. Although Creativity is more obvious when it comes to the formation of sentence, which is also reflected in our lexical knowledge, where new words are added to our mental lexicon regularly. In this work, the most comprehensive exhibition of word formation process that speakers use the language regularly (And unconsciously good) to create new words in their language are presented.

Compounding

Noun + Noun

The most common type of word formation is the combination of two (or more) names to form a good result:

Nun Nun + = Name

Examples: landmines, wallpaper, toothbrush

The first of these two compounds can be descriptive (ie cloth, fabric with which [clean cloth or tables]), or both compounds can create a whole new meaning (for example, the railway, which is not a "road" Typical in the sense of the word.) It is also possible to form words whose components are of equal importance or descriptive sense, for example, a machine washing hair / concerns to an object that combines two functions.

There are, of course, many different compounds substantive aspects: how connect with each other and how their meaning can be better explained grammatically. In most cases, however, the nature of these compounds is self-explanantory, and their meanings are quite comprehensible even for those who are affected first.

Note that compound names usually appear as two separate words, only the usual, those found in everyday language, and most often consist of no more than three syllables are in one word. Hyphens (-) between two segments of a compound noun is quite exceptional. Examples:

window sill (threshold set under a window), window (window) doorkey (a key to the door), BookPage (one page of a book), silverspoon (a silver spoon), water pipes (A pipe that carries water), the court (a court of springs), fire (fire someone), wallpapers ("paper" we stick to the walls), Independence Day (anniversary of the Declaration of Independence), office supplies (office products), the water scarcity (water shortage), labor riots (used riot), television (a series of television viewing) headache (headache one), snowfall (snow), voicemail (answering machine), air conditioning (a machine air conditioning), fire (a fight with firearms)

Verb + Noun

This verb describes what is done with an object or the subject "He", in short, a new name is formed, they often refer to something concrete, and the verb defines the action associated:

drawbridge drawbridge Verb + Noun = Noun: + =.

A drawbridge is a bridge that can be tilted so that ships can pass, or "made". In this case, the name is the direct object.

Hitman = A man who made "dirty jobs" or "hits". Here, the word in the context the sentence is the object.

In addition, two segments can be connected by other means, ie people can appoint refer an adverb of place: = walking on the podium.

The rules apply to the usual spelling. Other examples:

bridge (one way to walk on), diving center (a place where you go diving), track (a band of flat land where to start or land [aircraft "run"]) on filter paper (paper used for filtering liquids or gases), an entry (a road that leads to a garage or building), the payment date (the day you receive your salary) wages (a test used for the payment of wages and salaries),

Noun + Adjective

Nouns and adjectives can be composed in reverse order:

Adjective Noun + adjective =

Camera camera + = shy Shy (Shy about to appear or speak at the cameras).

In this case, the result is an adjective, noun, while explaining the objective.

Another possibility is that the name supports adjective or as an intensifier:

= cheap cheap as dirt, paper, tissue paper thin =

These rules also apply on the names and adjectives of participle:

Anglophone, soul numb

more frequent and compounds screened in a single word while longer and less frequent are connected by a hyphen. More examples of all sub-types:

water testing (test or water resistant), marine (ship to resist the perils Sea), amounting to something in flight conditions (aircraft can fly safely), guilty (a person who deserves the blame), a worthy book (publication), trust (someone you trust), a jet black (deep black), my feet hurt (with a sore foot), the cardiac patient (A person who suffers from heart disease), dizziness (being ill effects of a stormy sea) house (made private home) power-mad (crazy for power or desire), color (not possible to discriminate between colors than black and white and gray)

Other compounds

There are several other types of compounds. A selection of what is shown below.

Adjective + adjective

Bittersweet deaf-mute, audio-oral, Anglo-Saxon

Adjective + participle

long range, unlikely, parochialism, sincere, high climbing, low yield, painted in red, without gloves

Prefixes

Unlike compounds, prefixes links Appeal Investment and suffixes that are not independent words, for words of all kinds. The type of affix determines the effect it has on the development instead of the word. In this case we speak of prefixes of support and opposition. Used to express their support or rejection of everything that is expressed by the word is connected.

Positive and negative prefixes (prefixes attitude)

Pro = on the side of support: pro-abortion, pro-life, pro-market, pro-libertarian, said: nouns, adjectives name.

Anti = against, fighting against: anti-missile, anti-social, anti-abortion, anti-regulation; = Antagonistic anti-hero, the Antichrist, he adds background adverbs, adjectives denominational.

Counter = versus: to fight against the revolution-cons, cons-example against espionage, cons-productive; added: verbs, abstract nouns, adjectives.

Contra = contrast, cons: the contraception, cons-speed, cons, however, adds the abstract nouns, verbs.

negative prefixes

An overview of prefixes negative and their use are given below.

a = not default, not affected by any quality: atheist, amoral (not subject to standards entities), asymmetry, apolitical, asexual, added to adjectives, nouns.

DIS = No, absolutely opposed to what is meant by the second element: the unjust suspicion, disagreeing, disgust, disgust, disability, added to adjectives, abstract nouns, verbs.

A = no, otherwise, rather than the words of French origin: in-, il-(before) im-(before p), ir-(r before). Note: These are most common prefixes of negation. Examples: injustice unjust and unpretentious, unexpected, unproductive, crazy, intolerance, impatience, imperfect, irregular, illegal, incompetent, illogical, inappropriate, irrelevant, adds adjectives and participles (-only).

No = no, not taken into account: non-stop, non-interference, non-aggression, non smoker, no drip (painting), non-person, non-event, adds: Several types of words and phrases, most nouns and verbs.

Prefixes place (prefixes rental)

prefixes determine the rental place, or relative position or direction (relative) of the Act or objects. In addition, names and abstract processes and relationships are determined by the locality. Perhaps the following gives a clear idea:

before = before (local): the antechamber, hall, added to names.

Circumstances around =: around, circumlocutions, circumcision, said: verbs, nouns.

extra = outside, beyond: extramarital, extracurricular Extra-extra-payment adds adjectivization, names.

= Two front, back, the index, the foreskin, the service station, the front adds substance.

= Inside, in: well there, im-, ir-harvest, inside, in patients (not anxious), adds: participles, nouns.

= Among the things in the environment: interracial, international, interdisciplinary, Interrace, added: adjectives, nouns.

intra = within: intramural, intra-uterine, intravenous, adds adjectives.

Supra = above, supranational supramundane adds adjectives.

on = above: costs, charges, top title, names, verbs.

tele = distance: telecommunications, Television, added: nouns, verbs.

trans = through: transatlantic, trans, transsexual, adds adjectives and geographical names.

ultra = beyond, beyond, the same adjectives: ultra violet, ultrasonic, ultra-light, ultra thin, ultra-modern, ultra-Orthodox, said.

low = below: subway, train Production of underwear, he adds: names; = very little fee insufficient, underpay, cook underestimated added: verbs subclass = subordinate, Deputy Secretary, underlying, adds substance.

Other prefixes rental: Prepositions determine management, both locatively and applied in a figurative sense: give, refine, reduce size, to present to supervise.

The prefixes of size, grade and state

These prefixes determine the most names, and himself, explained in several ways:

Arc = high, even worse, the boss, the archbishop, his rival, the archangel, archduke, arch enemy, added to names.

macro = large: the macrocosm, the macro-economy, adds substance.

micro = small: a microwave transmitter, micro-computer, microsurgery, microeconomics, adds substance.

mega = big: Megastar, Megastore, said: names.

mini = small mini-series, minibreak, minicab, mini-skirt, adds names

Prefixes of time and order

These prefixes determine the timing and order, its meaning and its use are given below.

Before = before: are earlier prenatal care, added adjectives.

Ex = ex-ex-wife, the former president the names of the man.

Forward = before, anticipate, predict, not collected; adds, verbs, participles, names.

Medium = medium: the afternoon in winter, at midnight, added names that mean points or periods of time.

Neo = new form of it, revived the neo-colonialism, neo-conservatives, neo-fascist, he adds, abstract nouns, adjectives.

Since = After From the post-war, post-modernism, post-structuralist adds names designating the time, the abstract nouns, adjectives denoting periods of time.

Pre = Before, before the predetermined time / Duration: prepaid, pre-existing before viewing, preschool, before the war, and marriage, adds: nouns, adjectives.

Number prefixes

Numeral prefixes the number, quantity or scope.

mono = one, one: monotheism, the monorail, monoplane, monotonous, added: nouns, adjectives.

UNI = one: unidirectional, one-dimensional, unilateral, adds adjectives, nouns.

poly = many: polysyllabic, polytheism, polygraph, added: adjectives, nouns.

Many multi =: multi-religious, multi, multi, multi-racial, Added: nouns, adjectives.

semi = half, part: half-circle, semi-automatic semi-conscious, semi-official, added: nouns, adjectives.

half = half demigod FUSA in part:; adds substantial in most cases.

Type of change and the conversion of prefixes

The prefixes a-, which em-and are the main effect of changing the class (or type) of words, or to convert.

a = added to verbs predicates (not synonymous explanation): float (a floating vessel is afloat), high (an aircraft in flight is in the air).

= Is names added to form transitive verb: to place (to surround the force delivery), to seduce (charm), to bewitch (To take a spell on) = added to adjectives to form transitive verb: to calm down (to soothe or make it easy), belittle (someone or something seems irrelevant or of lesser value), the soil (or lack of soil, to pollute) = added to verbs to form transitive verbs, and at the same time, as a force for intensifying verbs: to dazzle (To put someone in the glare) to becry (To weep bitterly) to daub (For sale), to cry (to cry or express his sorrow over), for sprinkling (For covered with patches of land), to designate (To witness) = added to names to form adjectives of participle: glasses (goggles), curbs (with tape), the woman [in Wig (The use of a wig) morons (madly in love with someone. but only in reference to men are infatuated]).

Latest coins words prefixed

Here is a selection step further and final word formation in progress, explaining the importance of training in the English word for today:

anti-choice, bicultural, co-presenter, the cons-culture, uncheck box, bifunctional, transfer, eco-tourism, Eurosceptic ex directory, Gigabyte, hypertext, interface, intra-uterine, macrobiotic, max series, mega, microsurgery, minibreak, multimedia, neo-colonialism, non-proliferation, Pan-African paramedic, postmodernism, preschool, Proactive, change the flag, braking, supergun, ungreen, unisex, upscale

Note that the usual standard hyphenizing training more than three syllables, is not followed in all cases, the respective training received has already become the norm, which is an independent word.

Suffix

Verbal suffixes

Here, suffixes, whose function is to form verbs from class words are defined and explained.

Pensions-= do, cause: to simplify, beautify, classify, to embody, to countrify to ladify to beautify, to Frenchify, added: name (eg, beauty) and adjectives (ie sufficient) to train (mostly) of transitive verbs.

Ize-= =- Ise also do, to discuss the form: a shock, to civilize, organize, circular, to hypnotize, to Americanize, to familiarize the legalization, to nationalize, to soberize, sponsor, to materialize, to popularize, to give priority to the privatization, adds adjectives and the names of Roman origin, but the names also intended to form verbs essentially transitive. Note to apologize, botanising, to sympathize not speak of training in this sense, because the remaining strains not an English word independent if "-ize" took them.

Adjective Suffixes

-Power (also wheat-words from Latin or French) - Words ending in-able which means "can or should be-ed" (in which "-ed" all past tense) or "which is able to do this "or" you can do with it: fragile, edible or exchangeable, pitiful, easy reading, reliable, available, acceptable, betrayal, well informed, pleasant, forgettable, unthinkable, intelligible, deep, audible, added: mainly action verbs. Note that certain combinations such demonstrable that (performance), separated (separated) or any other basis on verbs ending-ate, retaining only the basic verbal root verb instead of everything. Verbs ending in hand-and-i, which, however, does not affect the choice of the power-vs.-self, which is determined solely originally tense. Please note that these forms is often used by negative prefixes: unthinkable. It is also possible to make a substantive and adjective: The reliable (This can be invoked).

Al-(also-IAL) - which means "nature", "belonging to" natural, relaxed, education, coastal areas, tidal, accidental, management, music, criminal justice, drafting, Continental provisional names added to adjectives to form principally not be compared. Note: continuous, body, etc. individual courses are not real words in the English sense, however, resemble the principles outlined above.

-A (also-ian) - which means "tradition", "" the nature of "African Indians, Elizabethan, Victorian, Republican added, mostly proper names, geographical names, names of persons known (seniors set of ideas or ideologies).

"Less = No: sloppy, inoffensive, without rest, without borders, mercilessly, added: name (antonym of-FUL).

"As = of nature, to behave like children, chivalrous, God added to names.

Ly =-nature of periodical repetition: funky, real, earthy, monthly, daily, added names, denotations of time. It not to be confused with the formation of adverbs, what happens when you add an adjective-ING.

"Some = productive: severe, terrible, quarrelsome, disturbing, annoying, solitary added: nouns, verbs, adjectives. It is highly advisable to consult a dictionary before forming their own combinations.

=- Ward at: rising to the east, towards the front, toward the sky, home, land, back, front (leading), adds: adverbs rental.

Y = the nature of: fun, oxidized, sleep stinking fish, demanding, bones, nervous headache, the second with class, sticky, sticky, smoking (derobitary: Status of fish); adds all concrete nouns, some verbs.

concrete nouns suffixes

Suffix nominal form of names of each word type.

Ant-(and ent-) = as / which takes place, agentive and instrumental informant, the applicant, solvents, resident, disinfectant, officer, added: verbs. Consult your dictionary if in doubt.

Er = more-or words of Latin origin: server, dreamer, cleaner, etcher, added: verbs. Consult your dictionary if in doubt. This person often designate after his profession: baker, bookseller, or device = compliance task: containers, lockers, boilers, cutting, adds verbs. = Property, service or means to carry out the task: fixative doing good work, added: phrasal verbs (verb + adverb) = denotation of origin of people: South London, added: geographical names.

= Agent-tion: the work (a definite article is mandatory); added to verbs; = activity: swimming, gardening, manufacturing, adds: verbs; = Result: construction, clothing, paint, added: verbs. The result is either a gerund or a participle, depending on context.

-Ee = passive affected by: the employee questioned teachee, trustee, evacuees; adds verbs. The resulting name to designate a person.

Adverb Suffixes

Adverbs are suffixes, like most others, the type of change. Note that some adjectives (like temperature) can not become an adverb when it came to be applied as such, it is necessary to insert a paraphrase.

Ly =-this way. "Mind is the standard way to form adjectives: easy - easy, important - important, and so on. Mind-is added: adjectives that end in mind, sentences (question of factly with great enthusiasm, coolness). Also added some new words: transbroomstickally. Regarding the above: Nice - a friendly way (which applies to all adjectives ending-ing).

=-Wise in terms of ... this ... is / are involved: clockwise, notewise, Moneywise, adds substance.

- Channels = form of: longitudinal side, adds substance.

Last items Currency (suffix)

Here is a selection of words with suffixes forming Date

microwave, actional, gentrification, yuppiedom, dry fingers, fax, leaderene, bagging, bimbette, without additives, Kissogram, wrinklier, gentrigy, networks, sissy, ableism, survival, recycling, confrontation, privatize, ECOMAN, ease of use, returnik, retrophilia

Conversion

Conversion is the process or the passage a word in a category other word without adding an affix (usually called "Bypass"). Then we'll discuss ways to develop of names of actions actional verbs.

action verbs in substantial

The rule: the verb becomes a noun: to swim -> A bathroom. Spelling does not change, something has been added.

The verb that gives rise to the formation of words must designate an action: swimming, walking, running, reading.

The name means the result is a single action, a specific example ("I had a good reading) instead of the action or activity as such: "I like to run" would be correct if the activity being considered as such. There are some exceptions (= work work as such.)

Examples:

to go for a walk in the long term, long-term (long term), a good stay, work (which means the act of working as such), do not doubt, to be in the know (Know, and that this use) laugh, procurement, have been (someone or something bothers me), unruly, sneaking, drinking (which drinks a person) to find, reject, healing, Polish, housing, dump (When something is dumped), the Housing stop

The concrete nouns verbs

Here I will demonstrate a widely used option to use verbal expressions instead of the nominal value. concrete nouns, usually referring to things, they become verbs that mean something in relation to the substantive action. This definition may seem abstract and strange, but the following examples of this point clear:

The headquarters of the company is truly the dwarf other buildings (The dwarf v.. = Do st. Seem small by comparison.) Many regular drivers floor the pedal while driving on this road (to the floor of the = pedal to the press to reach the floor of a car). The orbiting satellite is not (a = output to leave its orbit around the trajectory of the earth and back). It is necessary to balance the accounts of a (= a balanced set [to know something, an account] of doing things (expenses / deposits) are in equilibrium).

Other examples: Xerox (To copy), by fax, phone, screen, water, fan, a bed, build a bridge to connect at the top of the bottle for identification.

All transitive verbs derived.

The adjectives into verbs

It is also possible to form verbs from adjectives without changing the word:

The rule: an adjective becomes a verb: the light - a light (to disappear), inactivity - idle (inactive) Slim - slimming (weight loss), quiet - Quiet (to calm), clean - to clean (cleaning) without problems - for smoothing (smoothing).

Applications: We have consulted a psychiatrist to fix things. While the suffering of more than two years, gradually thinner.

Please note that adjectives participles (color does not work) can be converted into verbs in this way. Instead, you must convert these participles into verbs: a color break.

Remember Some adjectives change form to become verbs: weak - to download, everything - to see weak - weaker, strong - much larger - to increase chip - to beautify, easy - for the installation.

Other word classes

There are other ways to change the class of words without changing spelling, add or remove parts

Adverb verb: They tried to escape.

auxiliary noun: This course is required for someone like you.

Conjunctions into nouns: Do not give me fussy.

Adverbs / Prepositions in names: I have not yet learned details of the company.

More on Noun verb adverb: I have no expertise.

Participate / adverbs adjectives: The Gathering trustees had a very upscale encouraging. The theory is that humans, who after all are the only animals rose ...

Conversions in names based on different classes of words, especially in subordinate clauses and clauses: Some places are claimed to have been involved only benefactors. The comings and goings in the country became the president-to-be to rethink its trade taken care "approach. An Army Auxiliary Notorious supporters milled through the city, trying to provide assistance for self-help that we are not rich, or as they call them, the less fortunate. Disorder and apologetic: "I am a servant of the proletariat Look has disappeared forever.

Other training Word

In conclusion, it is a word offer additional training can be grouped into sensitive part of the previous sections.

Back-formation

Back-formation process is the derivation of words down what is considered is a suffix or (sometimes) a prefix. This applies especially to mint verbs from nouns.

Examples: Disabled (disabled) to curse (expletive) to excited (excitement), coordinated (link) to steal (theft), for editing (second edition, the publisher) to sell (the seller) to scavange (scavanger), sculpture (sculptor, sculpture) to defraud (Cheating, fraud), air conditioning (cooling), to care for children (baby sitter) brainstorming ideas (brainstorming), for brainwash (brainwashing) to intimidate (bullying), dry cleaning (dry cleaning), the hunting lodge (house hunters) and its monuments (Tourism), record on tape (recorder), articulate (articulate (a), the municipality) to murder (assassination), to educate co (co-education) to delineate (river), to show emotion (emotion) of sense (intuition) of regulation (legislation) in adobo (Marinated) ESPON (Orina) for vaccinated (vaccination), holidays (vacation), to assess (assessment), diagnosis (diagnosis), the fun (lazy) to remember (reminiscene), statistical (statistics), to broadcast Televisa (TV).

Border

Clipping stands of a word by the omission of one or more syllables.

Examples: bike (bicycle), decaffeinated coffee (decaffeinated), fan (fanatic) interrogation (questioning), telephone (telephone), fax (facsimile), refrigerator (fridge), hyper (Hyperactivity), intercom (intercom) LAB (Lab), a medical student (physician / physician), Memo (memorandum), microphone (microphone) film (animated) photography (photography), pub (tavern), Zoo (Zoo), mathematics (math).

Acronym

Acronyms abreviatory is another device. The overall result is the kind of word a noun: ECU (European Currency Unit), scuba (self-contained breathing apparatus underwater) e-mail (E).

Mixtures

The mixtures are also used to abreviatory. Here, two or more components are complementing the basis of the result. These components have failed one or more syllables before mixture of compounds.

Examples: + bit bit camera, camcorder, VCR + Contrast + contraception design, sheep goat GEEP + + clear literary celebrities, + modem receiver modular motel hotel + engine smoke smog fog + + transistor transfer resistance.